Curiosidades sobre o Halloween





Introdução

O Halloween, também conhecido como Dia das Bruxas, é uma celebração típica da cultura norte-americana. De origem pagã, a tradicional festa ocorre anualmente, todo dia 31 de outubro. Além dos EUA, outros países de língua inglesa (Canadá, Escócia, Inglaterra e Irlanda) também comemoram esta data.


Como é comemorado nos Estados Unidos

Como o Halloween não está ligado a nenhuma instituição, a organização da festa ocorre de forma descentralizada. Geralmente, são as escolas, clubes, famílias, empresas e grupos de amigos que organização e celebram a data.

O caráter religioso foi perdendo, com o passar do tempo, a relação com o Halloween. Atualmente, nos Estados Unidos, a celebração está mais ligada ao mundo da brincadeira, diversão e socialização.

O Halloween também é muito explorado comercialmente nos Estados Unidos. A venda de trajes e objetos relacionados à data faz movimentar o comércio das lojas e empresas relacionadas às festas.



Principais atividades do Halloween nos Estados Unidos (tradições):

- Trick or treat (“doce ou travessura”) – crianças fantasiadas com trajes típicos (fantasmas, múmias ou outros personagens assustadores) passam de casa em casa pedindo doces e balas.

- Uso de trajes típicos (assustadores) – pessoas usam estas fantasias em festas promovidas, geralmente, por escolas e empresas. O foco é a criatividade, diversão, integração e socialização.

- Além das roupas, as maquiagens de terror também estão muito presentes nas comemorações desta data. A criatividade dos maquiadores é voltada para a criação de personagens que representem o Dia das Bruxas.

- Abóbora do Dia das Bruxas (apelidada nos EUA de Jack-o'-lantern) – envolve todo um ritual de comprar a abóbora, tirar as partes internas, esculpir uma face assustadora e, no período noturno, acender uma vela dentro. Em várias cidades norte-americanas ocorrem exposições e concursos para eleger a abóbora mais assustadora ou criativa. Vale lembrar que a maioria das pessoas nos Estados Unidos não faz isto com propósito espiritual ou religioso, mas sim como um evento tradicional e cultural.

- Visita a atrações assombradas – muitas destas atrações são montadas em parques de diversão ou shoppings centers.

- Conto de histórias assustadoras – realizado, principalmente, entre amigos ou em livrarias.

- Brincadeiras típicas do Halloween – uma das mais realizadas consiste em encher uma bacia de água e jogar maçãs dentro. As maçãs ficam flutuando e os participantes devem pegá-las com os dentes (mordendo).

- Organização de festas e bailes à fantasia com temática do Dia das Bruxas.

- Assistir filmes ou encenações teatrais de terror.

- Acendimento de fogueiras .



Fonte: http://www.suapesquisa.com/datascomemorativas/halloween_estados_unidos.htm

Dicas de inglês para iniciantes!

Set goals

  Identify why you want to learn English. For example, maybe you plan to study abroad in an English-speaking country for a semester, or you’re going to do a grad school biology program in the US. Use your goals to motivate yourself and help you identify areas of English to focus on.


Watch movies in English

 Most English learners consider this one of the more fun ways to improve their language skills. Choose an English-language movie that you want to watch and put on subtitles in your native language so you can follow along, or watch a movie in your native language and put on English subtitles so you can see the words on the screen.




Make English part of your everyday life

No matter what study methods you choose, make sure you’re practicing English on a daily basis. This is the best way to develop your language skills and make sure they stick.



Vocabulary: The Manhattan Project

Vocabulary

  • accompany = go together with
  • although = while
  • amount = how much of something
  • attack = to use guns and bombs against an enemy in a war
  • billion = a thousand million
  • code name = secret name that is used for a project or a person
  • conduct = carry out
  • create = make
  • desert = large are of land where it is always hot and there is not much rainfall
  • destroy = damage completely
  • destructive = causing damage to people or things
  • develop =create, make something new
  • device = object, machine
  • dynamite = powerful explosive used especially for breaking rock
  • enemy = country or people you fight against in a war
  • engineer = someone whose job it is to build things, like roads, bridges, weapons etc..
  • facility = building, used for a special job
  • flee – fled = escape from
  • force = make someone do something
  • force = power
  • gigantic = very large
  • government = the people who rule a country
  • however = but
  • including = also
  • knowledge = information, what you know about something
  • laboratory = special building or house in which a scientist does experiments
  • main = most
  • mark = the sign for
  • mushroom cloud = large cloud shaped like a mushroom, caused by a nuclear explosion
  • nuclear = atomic
  • nuclear chain reaction = action that produces energy and causes more reactions of the same kind
  • physicist = person who has special training in physics
  • plutonium = radioactive metal, used to produce nuclear power and bombs
  • release= set free
  • research = to find out more about a topic or try out new things
  • scientist = person who is trained in science and works in a laboratory
  • seek – sought = ask for
  • split = divide , separate
  • successful = positive; something that worked out well
  • surrender = give up
  • throughout = in all of
  • tremendous = great, huge
  • visible = to be seen
  • weapon = here: bomb

Source: http://www.english-online.at/

Reading Corner: Text for Intermediate students




The Manhattan Project - America's Nuclear Bomb


 The Manhattan Project was the code name of a government program to develop an atomic bomb during World War II. Although over 100,000 scientists and engineers worked on the project throughout the USA, the main work was done at the  Los Alamos laboratory in the New Mexican desert. The whole project cost a total of 2 billion dollars.
America’s nuclear program goes back to the year 1939 when German physicist Albert Einstein wrote a letter to American president Franklin D Roosevelt, warning him that Nazi Germany was creating a nuclear weapon. Scientists thought that they could releasegigantic amounts of energy by splitting an atom. However large amounts of uranium and plutonium were needed to create such adevice.
After Japan had attacked Pearl Harbour in 1941 Roosevelt gave the orders to put together a research group to develop and test a nuclear bomb. In 1942 Enrico Fermi, an Italian who fled from Fascist Italy, conducted the first controlled nuclear chain reaction.
Many nuclear experts, including Canadian and British scientists, started working on an atomic bomb. The American government alsosought the help of German  scientists who fled from Nazi Germany.
In 1943 Robert Oppenheimer, leader of the Manhattan Project, chose the the desert at Los Alamos as the place to conduct the project. Knowledge was kept within the inner circles of the group so that America's enemies did not learn about the project.While most of theresearch was carried out at Los Alamos, other facilities in the United States produced uranium and plutonium needed for the Manhattan Project.
On June 16, 1945 scientists conducted the first nuclear test about 400 km south of Los Alamos . The gigantic explosion wasaccompanied by a flash of light, which was visible for many miles,  and a tremendous heat wave . The destructive force of 18,000 kg of dynamite formed a crater that was half a mile wide. A mushroom cloud rose over 12000 metres into the sky.
  Almost two months after the successful test later America decided to force Japan to surrender by dropping two nuclear bombs. The first one, a uranium bomb called Little Boy was dropped over Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 .  Three days later, Fat Man, a plutonium bomb destroyed most of Nagasaki.
The Manhattan project helped to end World War II and marked the beginning of the Atomic Age.
Main Gate at Los Alamos Laboratory
Source: http://www.english-online.at

Reading Corner: Fables (for beginners)


No Excuse Will Satisfy A Tyrant

A wolf came upon an unprotected lamb, but didn't eat her immediately.
The wolf decided to find a good excuse to eat the lamb.
He said, "last year you insulted me very much."
The frightened lamb pleaded, "last year I wasn't yet born."
Then the wolf complained, " you feed from my grass".
The lamb trembled, but said, " I have not yet eaten grass".
"Well," snarled the wolf, "you drink from my well."
"Oh no!," bleated the lamb. "I drink only my mother's milk."
The wolf lost patience.
"I must have my supper, whatever you say," he snapped.
Then the wolf grabbed the lamb and ate her